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Here my phd of: "Development of simple numerical model for backdraft risk assessment" 1. Introduction 2. Fundamentals of Fire Compartments  3. Under-Ventilated Fires: Backdraft Phenomenon 4. Pyrolysis Rate and Smouldering Combustion 5. Combustion Products in Fires  6. Glazing Response in Fires 7. Gravity Current Prior to Backdraf 8. Flammability Limits of Flammable Mixtures 9. Ignition of the Flammable Region: Backdraft Deflagration 10. Energy Release in Backdraft 11. Implementation in OZone 12. Application: Fire in a Building 13. ConclusionReferences Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 Annex 5 Annex 6 Annex 7 BLAST RESISTANT PRESENTATION OF ACTION COSTC26 1. Paulo Piloto 2. Mike Byfied 3. Carlos Rebelo 4. Mike Tzaferopoulos 5. Monique Bakker 6. Gianfranco DeMatteis— I. Langone 7. Gulay Altay- Sami Kilic 8. Peter Smith 9. Auli Lastunen 10. Kari Kolari 11. Florin Dinu 12. Ljubomir Taskov 13. Bartosz Miller 14. Christian Seiler 15. Ulrike Kuhlman– Lars Rolle 1. Introduction by chairmen of WG3, M. Byfield and G. DeMatteis 2. State of the art in Europe and overview of the activity developed within WG3: ‘Impact and Explosion’, P. Smith 3. Robust design of steel framed buildings against extreme loading, M. Byfield, G. DeMatteis, F. Dinu 4. Aircraft impact on reinforced concrete structures, S.A. Kilic 5. Peak pressure in flats due to gas explosions, I. Langone & G. De Matteis, F. Mazzolani 6. Reconstruction, Seismic Strengthening and Repair of St. Athanasius Church damaged by explosion, V. Sendova, B. Stojanovski, L. Tashkov. 7. Analysis of reinforced concrete structures to blast loading, S. Karapinar, I. Sanri, G. Altay 8. The prevention of disproportionate collapse using catenary action, M. Byfield, S. Paramasivam 9. Robustness – Robust structures by joint ductility, U. Kuhlmann, L. Rölle, J.-P. Jaspart & J.-F. Demonceau 1. Impact on guardrails, impact of flotsam, scour and erosion, C. Seiler 2. Blast and Impact research, A. Tyas 3. Protective Design for RC Framed Structures against Blast loading – Safe Stand off Distance Approach, M. Byfield 4. Robust Structures by Joint Ductility, U. Kuhlmann, L. Rölle 5. Structural behaviour under extreme loading: blast effects on Pdextreme PdA, G. De Matteis, A. Eboli, I. Langone 6. Robustness of structuresRobustness structures: M-N interaction in beam-to-column composite joints, J.-F. Demonceau and J-P. Jaspart 7. Progressive collapse and explosion, V. Gioncu 8. Static and impact loading, N. Gresnigt - S. Karamanos 9. Impact test facility, A. Lastunen 10. The effectiveness of blast walls, P. Smith 11. Design for accidental actions in buildings, T. Vrouwenvelder, N. Gresnigt. 12. Ground shaking by the explosions and optimization of seismic effects, G. Mirakovski, L. Tashkov, V. Shendova 1. Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI - Research for a safer and more secure world, Annika Lööf 2. Hazard of Glazing Due to Blast Loading, Ans van Doormaal 3. Dynamic behaviour of structural materials, E. Cadoni 4. Advanced composite materials for strengthening, blast protection and seismic protection, P. Casadei. 5. Vulnerability of structures research group, L. Daudeville 6. Development of blast resistant steel-concrete composite columns, M. Mensinger, S. Trometer 7. Impacts against roadside barriers, M.Pernetti 8. Interaction of blast waves with flexible structures, M. Teich, N. Gebbeken, P. Warnstedt G. Nehring 1. Invited lecture: Design of high rise buildings to survive terrorist attack, D. Hadden 2. General report on WG3 activity, M.Byfield and G. DeMatteis 3. Aircraft impact testing Lastunen, J. Kuutti & K. Kolari 4. Protective design of r.c. framed buildings through safe stand off distance approach M. P. Byfield & S. Paramasivam 5. Response of high rise steel buildings as a result of column loss F. Dinu & D. Dubina 6. Hydrocarbon explosion loading G. De Matteis & P. Smith 7. Ductile and partial-strength steel & composite joints as a basis for redundant structures U. Kuhlmann, L. Rölle 8. Progressive collapse of buildings with key elements subjected to gas explosion, Langone,G. De Matteis & F.M. Mazzolani 9. Experimental and Analytical Investigations on building frames further to column loss, J. F. Demonceau & J.-P. Jaspart 10. Assessment, design and testing of guardrails due to vehicle impacts, C. Seiler 11. Effectiveness of seismic strengthening of monuments for blast resistance, V. Sendova & G. Jekic 12. The effectiveness of blast walls, P. D. Smith 13. Blast load assessment by simplified and advanced methods, P. D. Smith & A. Tyas 14. Seismic effects produced by explosions, L. Tashkov, G. Mirakovski 15. Small-scale blast load and structural response measurement, A. Tyas · Blast effects on the Archimede bridge, G. De Matteis, A. Eboli, F.M. Mazzolani ACTION COSTC26 WORKSHOP M. CANDELA: Stresses characterization and quantification in masonry structures with bent axle: Methodological approach and first experiences V. GIONCU & F.M. MAZZOLANI: Problems of seismic behaviour of buildings situated in urban habitats C. NUNZIATA, F. VACCARI & G.F. PANZA: The Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake: Linear and nonlinear site effects F. ROMANELLI, A. PERESAN, F. VACCARI & G.F. PANZA: Scenarios based earthquake hazard assessment V. SESOV & J. CVETANOVSKA: Microzonation of landslide hazard triggered by earthquakes – Application of GIS methodology L. KWASNIEWSKI, M. BALCERZAK & J.WOJCIECHOWSKI: A feasibility study on modeling blast loading using ALE formulation A. LOOF, A. VAN DOORMAAL & M. TEICH: Windows and glazing systems exposed to explosion loads: Part 1 – Lethality and hazard assessment M. TEICH, N. GEBBEKEN, A. LOOF & A. VAN DOORMAAL: Windows and glazing systems exposed to explosion loads: Part 2 – Safety improvement strategies A. TYAS, J.A. WARREN, J.B. DAVISON, E.P. STODDART & A. HINDLE: Dynamic testing of semi-rigid steel beam-column connections E. NIGRO & C. FAELLA: Landslides as a secondary event of earthquakes and eruptions C. NUNZIATA, G. DE NISCO, M.R. COSTANZO, F. VACCARI & G.F. PANZA: Measurements of shear wave velocities for seismic and volcanic hazard assessment in urban areas T. ROSSETTO, T.O. LLOYD, C. COELHO, J.P. CARLIER & W. ALLSOP: Tsunami impact evaluation for coastal areas M. AUDEBERT, A. BOUCHAIR, M. TAAZOUNT & D. DHIMA: Thermal and thermo-mechanical behaviour of timber connections in fire A. TALON, J.P. MUZEAU & J.P. CARLIER: Avalanche actions on constructions P. VILA REAL & N. LOPES: Evaluation of the steel structure fire resistance of a shopping centre using structural fire engineering F.R. CARVALHO LOPES, A. SANTIAGO, L. SIMOES DA SILVA & J.G. SANTOS DA SILVA: Numerical assessment of structural assembly between steel beam and CFT columns under fire M. HAJPAL & A. SOMORJAI: The effect of different plaster types on critical limit for fire resistance used by horizontal load-bearing structures L. KWASNIEWSKI, P.A. KROL & K. ŁACKI: Numerical modeling of steel columns in fire R. MARMO, M. D’ANIELLO, F. PORTIOLI & R. LANDOLFO: Finite element modelling of lap shear riveted connections in fire E. NIGRO, A. FERRARO & G. CEFARELLI: Application of FSE approach to the structural fire safety assessment of steel-concrete composite structures E. NIGRO, A. FERRARO & G. CEFARELLI: Member, substructure and global structural fire analyses of steelconcrete composite frames D. PANTOUSA & E. MISTAKIDIS: Thermo-mechanical analysis of composite slabs under fire conditions M. FERRAIOLI: Inelastic torsional response of an asymmetric-plan hospital building in Italy C.  KYUNG SUK, K. HEUNG YOUL, K. HYUNG JUN, L. JAE SUNG & J. YOUNGHAN: An experimental study on the thermal property of concrete under the load ratio condition in tunnel fire F. WALD, T. JANA, P. KYZLIK & M. STREJCEK: The composite slab on beams with corrugated web exposed to fire R. ZAHARIA, D. PINTEA & D. DUBINA: Fire after earthquake M. ANNECCHIARICO, F. PORTIOLI & R. LANDOLFO: Micro and macro-finite element modeling of brick masonry panels subject to lateral loadings R. APOSTOLSKA, G. NECEVSKA-CVETANOVSKA & J. CVETANOVSKA: Seismic performance of RC frame buildings with masonry infill M. D’ANIELLO, F. PORTIOLI & R. LANDOLFO: Modelling issues of steel braces under extreme cyclic actions G. DELLA CORTE & F.M. MAZZOLANI: Response of BRBs to catastrophic seismic actions: Experimental results F. DINU, D. DUBINA & G. DE MATTEIS: Direct design approach for seismic resistant steel frame buildings under extreme loading D. DUBINA, A. STRATAN, F. DINU, D. GRECEA, N. MUNTEAN & C. VULCU: Application of high strength steel to seismic resistant multi-storey buildings K. HEUNG YOUL, K. HYUNG JUN, L. JAE SUNG, K. KI HYUK, C. BONG HO: A Study on the Full Scale Fire Test of Medical Modular Block for the Fire Resistance Performance Evaluation

J. SANG-KEUN, K. SUN-HEE, C. SUNG-MO, W. YONG-AHN & K. HEUNG-YEOL: Evaluation of the residual strength of square CFT columns after a fire through structural performance evaluation test L. FIORINO, O. IUORIO, V. MACILLO & R. LANDOLFO: Seismic response of sheathed cold-formed steel structures under catastrophic events S. TORTORELLI, M. D’ANIELLO & R. LANDOLFO: Lateral capacity of steel structures designed according to EC8 under catastrophic seismic events L. KRSTEVSKA, L. TASHKOV, K. GRAMATIKOV, F.M. MAZZOLANI & G. DE MATTEIS: Experimental methodology for verification of effectiveness of innovative seismic strengthening techniques of historical monuments S.A. KILIC & P.D. SMITH: Behaviour of deformable blast walls for protective structural design S.A. KILIC & P.D. SMITH: Simulation of pressures behind rigid blast walls L. ROELLE & U. KUHLMANN: Robust design – Alternate load path method as design strategy C. SEILER: Tests and simplified numerical simulation of vehicle impact on guardrails with respect to normative regulations D.V. STOIAN, I.S. PESCARI, S.C. FLORUT & V.A. STOIAN: Behaviour and structural evaluation procedure of a precast R.C. multi-storey building subjected to blast loading T. STATHOPOULOS, I. ZISIS & C.C. BANIOTOPOULOS: Structural design of urban habitat construction against catastrophic wind actions A. GESUALDO & M. MONACO: Seismic vulnerability reduction of existing masonry buildings. Modelling of retrofitting techniques F. DINU, D. DUBINA & C. NEAGU: Experimental evaluation of q factor for dual steel frames with dissipative shear walls A. BIANCO & L. PICARDI: Seismic vulnerability by extrinsic kinematics: The St. Mary’s Church, Naples, Italy M. INDIRLI, C. PUGLISI, A. SCREPANTI & F. ROMANELLI: Multi-hazard maps for the Valparaiso area, Chile T. ROSSETTO, A.J. KAPPOS, L.A. KOURIS, M. INDIRLI, R.P. BORG, T.O. LLOYD & V. SWORD-DANIELS: Comparison of damage assessment methodologies for different natural hazard A. TALON, J.P. MUZEAU & J.P. CARLIER: Avalanche risk assessment in populated areas M. CVETKOVSKA & LJ. LAZAROV: Examination, assessment and repair of RC structure damaged by fire E. NIGRO, G. CEFARELLI, A. BILOTTA, G. MANFREDI & E. COSENZA: Concrete members reinforced with FRP bars in fire situation A. BASILE, G. BRANDO, G. DE MATTEIS & F.M. MAZZOLANI: Seismic protection of high-rise buildings by aluminium shear panels: a design application S. BORDEA & D. DUBINA: Numerical and experimental evaluation of q factors for RC MRF strengthened of steel BRB G. DE MATTEIS, G. BRANDO & F.M. MAZZOLANI: Mechanical behaviour evaluation of pure aluminium by static and dynamic tests F. DINU, D. DUBINA & A. STRATAN: Evaluation of re-centring capability of dual frames with removable dissipative members: Case study for eccentrically braced frames with bolted links A. DOGARIU, S. BORDEA & D. DUBINA: Behaviour model for post-tensioned bolted RC frame – steel brace connection K.A. GEORGIADI-STEFANIDI & E. MISTADIKIS: Numerical investigation of old RC frames strengthened against earthquakes by high dissipation steel link elements M.M. RAFI, S.H. LODI & S.A.F. RAFEEQI: An indigenous model of seismic retrofit of stone masonry structures M. FERRAIOLI, A.M. AVOSSA & F. FORMATO: Base isolation seismic retrofit of a hospital building in Italy: Design and construction M. FERRAIOLI, R. COSTANZO & A. LAVINO: Base isolation seismic retrofit of a hospital building in Italy: performance under earthquake strong ground motions M. PRATICO', E. DI FEDE, G. MASCARELLA: Conservation and emergency: the façade of Saint Eusanio Martyr Church collapsed during the Abruzzo earthquake C. PEREZ JIMENEZ, M. MINGUEZ FICA & J. DE LA QUINTANA: Identification of geometrical design criteria for reducing the vulnerability of urban area configurations to blast effects L. KRSTEVSKA, L. TASHKOV, M. GAREVSKI & V. SHENDOVA: Application of base isolation techniques for seismic protection of structures-study cases A. MANDARA, F. RAMUNDO & G. SPINA: Application of smart strategies against severe dynamic actions E. CADONI, A. CAVERZAN & M. DI PRISCO: Behaviour of high performance fibre reinforced cementitious composites under high dynamic loading and fire for safe tunnel V. SHENDOVA, G. JEKIC & L. TASHKOV: Effectiveness of seismic strengthening of monuments for their blast resistance

B. FAGGIANO, D. DE GREGORIO & F.M. MAZZOLANI: Assessment of the robustness of structures subjected to fire following earthquake through a performance-based approach A. FORMISANO, P. DI FEO, M.R. GRIPPA & G. FLORIO: L ’Aquila earthquake - A survey in the historical centre of Castelvecchio Subequo M. INDIRLI, F.M. MAZZOLANI & A. TRALLI: First considerations on the February 27, 2010 Chilean earthquake F. PORTIOLI, O. MAMMANA, R. LANDOLFO & F.M. MAZZOLANI: Seismic assessment of historical mosques under exceptional earthquakes: a case study in Skopje A.G. AYALA, M. MENDOZA & R. APOSTOLSKA: Development and validation of a procedure of seismic performance evaluation of structures R.P. BORG, M. INDIRLI, T. ROSSETTO & L.A. KOURIS: L’Aquila earthquake April 6th, 2009: the damage assessment methodologies A. FORMISANO, F.M. MAZZOLANI & M. INDIRLI: Seismic vulnerability analysis of a masonry school in the Vesuvius area A. FORMISANO, F.M. MAZZOLANI, G. FLORIO & R. LANDOLFO: A quick methodology for seismic vulnerability assessment of historical masonry aggregates A. FORMISANO, F.M. MAZZOLANI, G. FLORIO, R. LANDOLFO, G. DE MASI, G. DELLI PRISCOLI & M. INDIRLI: Seismic vulnerability analysis of historical centres: a GIS application in Torre del Greco J.U. SICKERT, M. KALISKE, W. GRAF & A. MANDARA: Robust design of seismic up-grading of R.C. structures with innovative bracing systems M.P. BYFIELD & S. PARAMASIVAM: Limitations of the tying force method for providing robustness in steel framed buildings F. DINU & D. DUBINA: Effect of column loss on the robustness of a high rise steel building A. FORMISANO & F.M. MAZZOLANI: On the catenary effect of steel buildings G. SOLOMOS, F. CASADEI, G. GIANNOPOULOS & M. LARCHER: Assessment of explosion effect in railway stations C. COELHO & J.P. CARLIER: Extreme flood effects as a combination of river and sea action L. ALTERIO, D. DE GREGORIO, B. FAGGIANO, P. DI FEO, G. FLORIO, A. FORMISANO, F.M. MAZZOLANI, F. CACACE, G. ZUCCARO, R.P. BORG, C. COELHO, M. INDIRLI, L.A. KOURIS & V. SWORD-DANIELS: Survey activity for the seismic and volcanic vulnerability assessment in the Vesuvian area: The golden mile villas M. FISCHINGER, M. KRAMAR & T. ISAKOVIC: Seismic Behaviour of Dowel Beam-Column Connections in Precast Industrial Buildings L. KRSTEVSKA, L. TASHKOV, N. NAUMOVSKI, G. FLORIO, A. FORMISANO, A. FORNARO & R. LANDOLFO: In-situ experimental testing of four historical buildings damaged during the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake L. TASHKOV, L. KRSTEVSKA, N. NAUMOVSKI, G. DE MATTEIS & G. BRANDO: Ambient vibration tests on three religious buildings in Goriano Sicoli damaged during the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake D. DE GREGORIO, B. FAGGIANO, A. FORMISANO & F.M. MAZZOLANI: Air fall deposits due to explosive eruptions: action model and robustness assessment of the Vesuvian roofs V. SWORD-DANIELS, T. ROSSETTO, J. TWIGG, D. JOHNSTON, T. WILSON, J. COLE, S. LOUGHLIN & S. SARGEANT: Review of the impacts of volcanic ash fall on urban environments D. DE GREGORIO, B. FAGGIANO, G. FLORIO, A. FORMISANO, T. DE LUCIA, G. TERRACCIANO, F.M. MAZZOLANI, F. CACACE, G. CONTI, G. DE LUCA, G. FIORENTINO, C. PENNONE, G. ZUCCARO, R.P. BORG, C. COELHO, S. GERASIMIDIS & M. INDIRLI: Survey activity for the seismic and volcanic vulnerability assessment in the Vesuvian area: the historical centre and the residential area in Torre del Greco B. FAGGIANO, E. NIGRO, D. DE GREGORIO, G. ZUCCARO & F. CACACE: Volcanic actions and their consequences on structures G. FLORIO, D. DE GREGORIO, A. FORMISANO, B. FAGGIANO, T. DE LUCIA, G. TERRACCIANO, F.M. MAZZOLANI, F. CACACE, G. CONTI, G. DE LUCA, G. FIORENTINO, C. PENNONE, G. ZUCCARO, R.P. BORG, C. COELHO, S. GERASIMIDIS & M. INDIRLI: Survey activity for the seismic and volcanic vulnerability assessment in the Vesuvian area: relevant masonry and reinforced concrete school buildings in Torre del Greco L.A. KOURIS, R.P. BORG & M. INDIRLI: The L’Aquila earthquake, April 6th, 2009: a review of seismic damage mechanisms F.M. MAZZOLANI & M. INDIRLI: The Vesuvius case study in the framework of the EU COST Action C26 activity F.M. MAZZOLANI, B. FAGGIANO, A. FORMISANO, D. DE GREGORIO, G. ZUCCARO, M. INDIRLI & R.P. BORG: Survey activity for the volcanic vulnerability in the Vesuvian area: the “quick” methodology and the survey form H. NARASIMHAN, R.P. BORG, F. CACACE, G. ZUCCARO, M.H. FABER, D. DE GREGORIO, B. FAGGIANO, A. FORMISANO, F.M. MAZZOLANI & M. INDIRLI: A framework and guidelines for volcanic risk assessment D. VAMVATSIKOS, L.A. KOURIS, G. PANAGOPOULOS, A.J. KAPPOS, E. NIGRO, T. ROSSETTO, T.O. LLOYD & T. STATHOPOULOS: Structural vulnerability assessment under natural hazards: a review G. ZUCCARO & F. CACACE: Seismic impact scenarios in the volcanic areas in Campania G. ZUCCARO & M.F. LEONE: Building technologies for the mitigation of volcanic risk G. ZUCCARO, F. CACACE & M. RAUCCI: Vulnerability functions for building structures under volcanic actions F. RAMUNDO & M.R. MIGLIORE: A model for limit state analysis of wooden structures